APA is an abbreviation for the American Psychological Association. This reference style uses parenthesis in the text with the author's last name and the year of publication. A complete reference list is placed at the end of the text. The references in the list are in alphabetical order according to the authors' last names and should contain all necessary bibliographical data.
Kildekompasset is mainly based on "Publication Manual of the American Psychological Assosiation (6th ed.)".
(Author, year)
If there is no author of the newspaper article, mention the newspaper as responsible.
Online edition:
Author. (year, date). Title of article. Title of newspaper [if necessary add place]. Retrieved from url
Printed edition:
Author. (year, date). Title of article. Title of newspaper [if necessary add place], page number.
Add as "Newspaper article".
Put the newspaper in the Reporter field (add a comma at the end of
the name to avoid invertion) Year, Title and Issue date.
Author, year (Kleivset, 2010)
Author. (year, date). Title [Blog post]. Retrieved from
URL
Kleivset, B. (2010, January 27). Noen 2010-nyheter. [Blog post].
Retrieved from
http://birgittekleivset.blogspot.com/2010/12/noen-2010-nyheter.html
Add as "Blog".
Fill out the fields Author, Year, Title of entry, Date,
Destription and URL.
Editor, year, page (Tønnessen, 2010, p. 52)
Editor. (Ed.). (year). Title in italics. City:
Publisher.
Tønnessen, E. S. (Ed.). (2010). Sammensatte tekster: Barns
tekstpraksis. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
More than one editor: (Eds.)
Add as "Edited book".
Fill out the fields Editor, Year, Title, Place published,
Publisher.
Author, year, pages
(Peduzzi, 2016, p. 74)
Author. (year). Title. In Editor name (Ed.), The book title
in italics (pages). Place published: Publisher.
Peduzzi, P. (2016). Aquatic viruses and global climate change. In
J. Marxsen (Ed.), Climate change and microbial ecology: current research and future
trends (p. 73-82). Norfolk: Caister Academic Press.
Add as "Book section".
Fill out the fields Author, Year, Title, Editor, Book title, Place
published, Publisher, Pages.
If the reference to the original text is given, use this. If not, give reference to the compendium
(Nedrelid and Kofoed, s.a.)
Author. (year). Title. In Title of compendium in
italics. City: university/college.
Nedrelid, T. E., & Kofoed, S. d. L. (s.a.). Utnytt
søkemotorene Kompendium: Informasjonskompetansedelen av NO
120. Kristiansand: Universitety of Agder.
Add as "Book section".
Fill out the fields Author, Year, Title, Book title, City and
Publisher.
Author, year
(Maenza, 2017)
Author. (year). Title in italics. Paper presented at
the Conference name, Conference location. Abstract retrieved from
URL
Maenza, C. (2017, 6). Basis for a perfomative approach to
equality in education. Paper presented at the Gender &
Education Association Conference, London. Abstract retrieved from
https://geaconf17.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/gea-programme-and-book-of-abstracts.pdf
Add as "Conference Paper".
Fill out the fields Author, Year, Title, Conference Name,
Conference Location and URL (Type "Abstract retrieved from" before
the URL)
If the paper has not been formally published, add the month of the conference in the reference after the year: Author. (Year, Month)
Author, year, pages
(Mughal, 2016, p. 14)
If there are no page numbers, you can include any of the following in the text to cite the quotation:
APA Style Blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2015/05/how-to-cite-an-article-with-an-article-number-instead-of-a-page-range.html
Author. (year). Book title in italics.
DOI/Retrieved from URL
Mughal, Y. M. (2016). A parametric framework for modelling of
bioelectrical signals. Retrieved from
http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-287-969-1/page/1
Give e-reader book-types in square brackets after the title if applicable. [] If the book was read or acquired through an online library (e.g. Google Books, ebrary) and not on an e-reader device, omit the bracketed information from the reference.
Add as "Electronic Book".
Fill out the fields Author, Year, Title and DOI / URL
Name the person cited and if necessary, place of work. Give information as to why you are citing this person, that this is an e-mail, and the date of the e-mail. Make sure you ask the person in question if you may cite him/her and if you are citing him/her correctly.
Do not include in reference list.
Can be added in EndNote as "Personal communication" to save information.
Image, table, figure etc discussed in text:
(Munch, 1885-86)
Image, table, figure etc inserted as illustration: Description
of the illustration as caption under the image, should also be
marked Figure 1 etc. Include information on
copyright.
Figure 1. «1935 Duesenberg Model J Cabriolet by
d'Ieteren», 2018, av Junaidrao. (https://www.flickr.com/photos/junaidrao/38977789840/).
CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.
Artist. (year). Title [Description]. Retreived from
URL
Munch, E. (1885-86). The sick child [Painting]. Retreived
from http://samling.nasjonalmuseet.no/no
Junaidrao. (2018).1935 Duesenberg Model J Cabriolet by
d'Ieteren. Retreived from https://www.flickr.com/photos/junaidrao/38977789840
Images you have made yourself, or images you have obtained lisence for should not be entered to the reference list.
Use the text editor's built in functions to enter the capiton.
Add as "Online multimedia".
Fill out the fields Created By, Year,Title, Type of Work, URL.
Give reference to the item you found the image in. For exapmle, from a book. Give information in the text about what you have used.
The painting "The wise virgin" by Jay DeFeo is an example of beat art (Forsgren, 2008, p. 124)
Image, table, figure etc inserted as illustration: Description of the illustration as caption under the image, should also be marked Figure 1 etc. Include information on copyright.
Figure 1. Theoretical
framework of social media context. From «Social Media: A Contextual
Framework to Guide Research and Practice,» by L. A. McFarland and
R. E. Ployhart, 2015,Journal of Applied Psychology, 100,s. 1656.
Copyright 2015, American Psychological Association.
Enter in the reference list according to reference type: book,
article, book chapter etc.
Forsgren, F. (2008). Beatkunst i Norge. Oslo: Press.
McFarland, L. A. & Ployhart, R. E. (2015). Social media: A
contextual framework to guide research and practice. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 100, 1653-1677. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039244
Add as "book", «book section», «journal article» etc.
Short title of the law, year, paragraph
(Equality and Anti-Discrimination Act, 2017, § 4)
Law/regulation short title. (Year). The full name of the law/regulation with the date of adoption and number in italics. Retrived from URL
Equality and Anti-Discrimination Act. (2017). Act No. 51 of 16 June 2017 relating to equality and a prohibition against discrimination. Retrieved from https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2017-06-16-51
Remove the URL if you are referencing the printed edition of the Norwegian Laws.
Always reference the original law unless you refer to a particular change in the law. If you are referencing a particular change, you have to use the date for the change instead of the date of the original law.
Add as "Government document".
Fill in the fields Author (Law/regulation short title) Year, Title (the full name of the law/regulation) and URL
Author, year, page (Daland 2010, p. 68)
Printed:
Author. (Year). Title in italics (Master's thesis). University, Place.
Daland, L. H. (2010). Livskraften ebber ut: En undersøkelse av befolkningsendringen i utvalgte uthavnssamfunn mellom lindesnes og lista 1900-1970 (Master's thesis). University of Agder, Kristiansand.
From internet:
Author. (Year). Title in italics (Master's thesis, University). Retreived from URL
Fjalsett, G. K. (2010). Fra forfølgelse til statsreligion: Aspekter ved forholdet mellom stat og kirke på 300 tallet i Bysants (Master's thesis, University of Agder). Retreived from http://idtjeneste.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-bibsys_brage_13517
Add as "Thesis".
Print:
Fill out the fields Author, Year, Title, City and University and Thesis type.
From internet:
Fill out the fields Author, Year, Title, Thesis type (include name of institution) and URL.
Editor, years
(Gauglitz & Moore, 2014)
Editor. (Ed.). (years). Title in italics (Volume). Place published: Publisher.
Gauglitz, G. & Moore, D.S. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of spectroscopy (2nd ed., vol. 1-4). Weinheim, Wiley.
Add as "Edited Book"
Fill out the fields Editor, Year, Title, Volume, Publisher og
Place published.
Writer, copyright date, track number
(Bernard & Smith, 1934/2010, track 7)
If the copyright date and recording date are different, use both dates in the citation.
Writer, A. (Copyright year). Title of song [Recorded by B. B. Artist if different from writer]. On Title of album in italics [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Date of recording if different from song copyright date).
Bernard, F. & Smith, R. B. (1934). Winter wonderland [Recorded by Kurt Nilsen]. On Have yourself a merry little Christmas [CD]. Oslo: Playroom Music. (2010).
If the recording was found on the internet add URL instead of Place Published/Publisher.
Add as "Music".
Fill in the fields Composer, Year, Title, Album Title, Form of
Item, Placed Published and Publisher.
Add recorded by and date of recording manually.
If the recording was found online add URL manually instead of Place Published/Publisher.
To add additional information manually convert your document into plain text.
Artist, year
(Birkeland and Trædal, 2004)
Artist. (Year). Title in the CD pamphlet. Title of CD in
italics [CD pamphlet]. Place published: Publisher.
Birkeland, M. and Trædal, T. (2004). Dansk musikk for cello og
klaver. Dansk cellomusikk [CD pamphlet]. Kristiansand:
Høgskolen i Agder.
Add as "Audiovisual Material".
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Series Title, Type, Place
published and Publisher.
Author, year (Inntjore, 2005)
Author. (year, date). Title. Newspaper title in
italics, pages.
Inntjore, H. (2005, August 23). Kan Agder likestilles?
Fædrelandsvennen, p. 4.
Newspaper consisting of separate parts: include A before the pagenumber for part 1, B for part 2 etc:
Stenvaagnes, R. (2015, February 1). Norsk studentbedrift skal samle data for FN. Aftenposten, p. C16.
Add as "Newspaper article".
Fill out the fields Reporter, Year, Title, Newspaper, Pages and
Issue date.
Author, year (Leer-Salvesen, 2008)
Author. (year, date). Title. Newspaper title in
italics. Retrieved from URL
Leer-Salvesen, P. (2008, October 23). Sin lønn verd?
Fædrelandsvennen. Retrieved from
http://www.fvn.no/mening/debatt/article621538.ece?redir=true
Add as "Newspaper article".
Fill out the fields Reporter, Year, Title, Newspaper, Issue date
and URL.
Author, year, page number
(Graham, 2015)
If an author is not specified, put the title of the headword/entry in the author position.
Author. (Year). Title of entry. In (Ed.), name of encyclopedia in italics. Retrieved from URL
Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/
If an encyclopedia does not have an editor, you do .not have to include this in your reference.
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary (11. ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
If you do not have an URL, replace this with place published: publisher
If the online version refers to a print edition, include the
edition number after the title.
Add as "Book section".
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Editor, Book
Title, Place Published and Publisher.
If you are using an online encyclopedia add the URL manually once you have converted the document into "plain text"
Producer, year, time
(BBC News, 2015, 2:44)
Producer name (Producer). (Year, Access date). Title in italics [Video clip]. Retrieved from URL
BBC News (Producer). (2015, 22. juni). "How to end poverty in 15 years" - Hans Rosling. [Video clip]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JiYcV_mg6A
Add as "Online multimedia".
Fill out the fields Created by, Year, Series Title, Date accessed,
Type of work and URL.
Author, year, page
(Moreno Vicente, 2014, p. 32)
Author. (year). Title in italics (Doctoral
dissertation). University, Place published.
Moreno Vicente, C. E. (2014). Mercury pollution in fish
and invertebrates in natural and wildfire impacted lakes in
Norway (Doctoral dissertation). Telemark University College,
Bø i Telemark.
From internett:
Author. (Year). Title in italics (Doctoral dissertation, institution). Retreived from URL
Nordtømme, S. (2016). På vei mot en rom(s)lig pedagogikk. En fortolkende studie av barns lekeerfaringer med rom og materialitet (Doctoral dissertation, University College of Southeast-Norway). Retreived from http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2373513
Add as "Thesis".
Print:
Fill out the fields Author, Year, Title, Place Published, University and Thesis type.
From internet:
Fill out the fields Author, Year, Title, Thesis type (include name of institution) and URL.
Author, year, page number
(Seeberg, 2011, p. 4)
Author. (Year). Title in italics. (Report number). Retrieved from URL
Seeberg, M. L. (2011). Kunnskapsstatus (1990-2010): Forskning om etnisk diskriminering av barn og unge (NOVA rapport 8/2011). Retrieved from http://www.nova.no/asset/4573/1/4573_1.pdf
Add as "Government documents".
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Report number and URL
Director & Producer, year
(Fonda & Lumet, 2005)
Director & Producer (Roles). (Year). Title in italics. [Material type]. Place published: publisher.
Fonda, H. (Producer), & Lumet, S. (Director). (1957). 12
angry men. [DVD]. USA: Orion-Nova Productions.
Author, year
(Melteig, 2016)
When a website has no personal author, please include the name of the responsible organization/institution. If there is no responsible organization/institution, please use the title of the page as the substitute for the author/organization.
(The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2016)
Author. (Year). Title. Retrieved from URL
Melteig, E. (2016). Cod's immune system is not special any more.
Retrieved from https://titan.uio.no/node/1916
Organization/institution. (Year).Title. Retrieved from URL
The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2016). Budget agreement avoids government collapse. Retrieved from http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=134890997&Country=Norway&topic=Politics&subtopic=Forecast&subsubtopic=Political+stability&u=1&pid=1015043085&oid=1015043085&uid=1
Add as "Web page".
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title and URL.
If you want to include access date add this manually once you have converted your document into plain text..
The responsible institution/organisation, year, pages
(Norwegian Environment Agency, 2013, p.14)
The responsible institution/organisation. (year). Title in italics [Brochure]. Place published: Publisher.
Norwegian Environment Agency. (2013). Right to roam [Brochure]. Trondheim: Norwegian Environment Agency.
Add as "Audiovisual material"
Fill out the fields Author, Year, Series title, Type, Place
published og Publisher.
Producer, year
(Chivvis, 2014)
List the primary contributors in the author position.
Producer etc. (Roles). (Year). Title in italics. [Material type]. Retrieved from URL
List the primary contributors in the author position and use parentheses to identify their contribution.
Chivvis, D. (Producer). (2014). Serial [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://serialpodcast.org/season-one
To cite an episode of a podcast or radio series, use the same format as chapter in a book, but list the scriptwriter and director in the author position, and the producer in the editor position.
Koenig, S. (Writer). (2014). The Alibi. [Podcast episode]. In S. Koenig, J. Snyder & Chivvis, D. (producers), Serial . Retrieved from https://serialpodcast.org/season-one/1/the-alibi
Composer, year
(Beethoven, 2002)
Composer. (Year). Title in italics [Material type]. Place published: publisher
Beethoven, L. (Composer). (2002). Fur Elise [Sheet music]. New York: Random House. (Original work published 1810).
If you are using a reprint of an old score include original publication date.
If the sheet music was found on the internet add URL instead
of Place Published/Publisher.
Add as "Audiovisuelt materialet"
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Series Title, Type, Place Published and Publisher.
Add original publication date and composer manually.
If the sheet music was found online add URL manually instead of Place Published/Publisher.
To add additional information manually convert your document into plain text.
Specify the name of the person(s) involved, why the source is relevant, and give as precise a date as possible. Get the approval to cite the person(s) involved and make sure you quote correctly.
My teacher's advice was: "don't be afraid of making mistakes, that's how we learn". (D, Smith, personal communication, december 2016).
These sources are not included in the reference list.
Private letters, e-mails, conversations, phone calls, and other type of communication which are irretrievable for others is referred to as personal communication and is not included in the reference list. This also includes notes and handouts that are not available for others.
Can be added as "Personal communication" in order to save the information.
Ministry, year, page number
(Ministry of Finance, 2017, p. 10)
Ministry. (Year). Title of white paper in italics. (Meld. St. nr. session, that is year). Retrieved from URL
Ministry of Finance. (2017). Long-term perspectives on the Norwegian Economy 2017 - a summary of main points. (Meld. St. 29. 2016 - 2017) Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/meld.-st.-29-20162017/id2546674/sec1
If you do not have an URL, replace this with place published: publisher
Add as "Government documents"
Fill in the fields Author (write the name of the ministry with a comma at the end to prevent abbreviations), Year, Title, Report number and URL, or Place published /publisher.
Ministry, year, page number
(Ministry of Defence, 2017, p. 5)
Ministry. (Year). Title of proposition in italics. (Proposition number). Retrieved from URL
Ministry of Defence. (2017). Invisteringar i forsvaret og andre saker.(Prop. 123 S. 2016-2017) Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-123-s-20162017/id2549911/
If you do not have an URL, replace this with place published: publisher
Add as "Government documents"
Fill in the fields Author (write the name of the Ministry with a comma at the end to prevent abbreviations), Year, Title, Report number and URL, or Place published /publisher.
Ministry, year, page number
(Ministry of Children and Equality, 2015, p. 4)
Ministry. (Year). Title of proposition in italics. (Circular number). Retrieved from URL
Ministry of Children and Equality. (2015). Guidelines for processing child welfare cases where children have ties to other countries. (Q-42/2015). Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/q-422015-guidelines-for-processing-child-welfare-cases-where-children-have-ties-to-other-countries/id2467847/
If you do not have an URL, replace this with place published: publisher
Add as "Government documents"
Fill in the fields Author (Write the name of the Ministry with a comma at the end to prevent abbreviations), Year, Title, Report Number and URL, or Place published /publisher.
NOU year:number, page number
(NOU 2010:6, p. 73)
NOU year:number. (Year). Title in italics. Retrieved from URL
NOU 2010:6. (2010). Pensjonslovene og folketrygdreformen. Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2010-6/id603907/
If you do not have an URL, replace this with place published: publisher
Add as "Government document".
Fill in the fields Author (Enter the name of NOU with a comma at the end to prevent abbreviations), Year, Title, and URL or Place published/Publisher.
Ministry/organisation, year, page number
(The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training, 2017, p. 5)
Ministry/Organisation. (The year the curriculum/framework applies from). Title in italics. Retrieved from: URL
The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training. (2017). Rammeplan for barnehagen: Forskrift om rammeplan for barnehagens innhold og oppgaver. Retrieved from: http://www.udir.no
If you have used lovdata.no to read the curriculum/framework use the box "Norwegian laws and regulations" instead.
Add as "Government Document"
Fill in the fields Author (write the name of the ministry/organisation with a comma at the end to prevent abbreviations), Title, Year, and URL