Personal communication (Lecture notes, e-mails etc.)

In-text citations

Lecture notes, e-mails, text messages, conversations and similar sources that are not available to others are referred to as personal communication.

Specify the name of the person(s) involved, why the source is relevant, and give as precise a date as possible. Get the approval to cite the person(s) involved and make sure you quote correctly.

Example:

My teacher’s advice was: “Don’t be afraid of making mistakes, that’s how we learn”. (D. Smith, personal communication, December 2016).

In the reference list

Personal communication is a source that is unavailable to readers. This type of reference should therefore not have an entry in the bibliography.

EndNote

May be added as Personal communication in order to save the information.

Zotero

May be added as E-mail, Instant Message or Interview, but all these will appear in your reference list, and have to be deleted manually from there.