Audiovisual media
In-text citations
Format: Producer / Writer / Director, Year / Yearspan,
Ex: (Fonda, 2005)
Ex 2: (Gervais & Merchant, 2001-2003)
Note: For online media, such as streaming video, the upload date should be added
Ex: (Radic, 2020, July 22)
In the reference list
Stand alone productions:
Format film: Director / Producer (Roles). (Year). Title of work in italics.[Description]. Production company.
Ex. film: Avildsen, J.G. (Director). (1976). Rocky [Film]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Format streaming video: Person/Group/Organisation [Nickname] (Year, date) Title in italics [Description] Platform. URL
Ex: Radic, A. [Agadmator] (2020, July 22.) The Cheapo! || Anand vs Carlsen || Chess24 Legends of Chess (2020) [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qO-Wj9Wu6Q
Audiovisuals that are part of a greater whole, e.g. series:
Format series: Writer / Director / Producer (Roles). (Years). Title of series in italics [Description]. Production company.
EX series: Gervais, R. (Writer and Director), & Merchant, S. (Writer and Director). (2001-2003). The office [TV series]. BBC.
Format episode: Writer / Director / Producer (Roles). (Year, date). Title of the episode in italics (Season No. Episode No. ) [Description] In P.P. Producer (Executive producers) Title of series. Production company
Ex episode: Martin, G.R.R. (Writer), & Nutter, D. (Director). (2013, January, 11.). The Rains of Castamere (Season 3, Episode 9) [TV series] In D. Benioff & D. B. Weiss (Executive producers) Game of Thrones. HBO.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsBlog post
In-text citations
Format: (Author, year)
Ex.: (Muller, 2014)
In the reference list
Format: Author. (year, date). Title. Blog title in italics. URL
Ex.: Muller, N. (2014). Supporting Student Wellbeing in Higher Education: Why & How. Dr Nadine Muller. http://nadinemuller.org/musings/supporting-student-wellbeing
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Add as Blog.
Fill in the Fields Author, Year, Title of Entry, Last update Date, Title of WebLog, URL
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsBook with 1 author
In-text citations
Format: (Author, year, p. page)
Exs.: (Repstad, 2014, p. 53)
In the reference list
Format: Author. (year). Title in italics (edition). Publisher.
Eks.: Repstad, P. (2014). Sosiologiske perspektiver for helse- og sosialarbeidere (3rd ed.). Universitetsforlaget.
Note: When you are citing a book that has multiple editions, it should be included in the reference list. You should include information about the edition you have used as a source.
In EndNote
Ad as Book.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Edition*, Publisher
Note: *Only 2nd editions and later
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsBook with 2 authors
In-text citations
Format: Both authors are mentioned every time. (Author & Author, year, p. page)
Example: (Nielsen & Thon, 2008, p. 44)
In the reference list
Format: Authors. (year). Title in italics. (Edition) Publisher.
Example: Nielsen, M.-B. O., & Thon, J. (2008). Wergelandenes Kristiansand: Byguide. Wergelandselskapet.
Note: When you are citing a book that has multiple editions it should be included in the reference list. You should include information about the edition you have used as a source.
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Add as Book.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Edition*, and Publisher.
Note: *Only for 2nd edition or later
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsBook with 21 authors or more
In-text citations
Format: The first time all authors are mentioned. Next time only the first author and [et. al]
Ex. First time: (Fasting, Doksheim & Vatnøy, 2011,p. 42)
Ex. Next times: (Fasting et al., 2011, p. 67)
In the reference list
Format: Authors. (year). Title in italics. Publisher.
Eks.: Fasting, M., Doksheim, M. & Vatnøy, E. (2011). Den norske velferden. Civita.
Note: When you are citing a book that has multiple editions it should be included in the reference list. You should include information about the edition you have used as a source.
In EndNote
Add as Book.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Edition and Publisher.
Note: *Not when 1st edition.
Note: In Word, You’ll have to edit the author list manually. When you have finished inserting references, first choose Convert to plain text, then delete authors from the list and add … before the last author name.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsBook with 3–20 authors
In-text citations
Format: Only the first author and [et. al]: (Author, et al., year, p. page)
Ex.: (Fasting et al., 2011, p. 67)
In the reference list
Format: All authors are mentioned 1 – 20. (år). Title in italics (Editon.).Publisher.
Ex.: Fasting, M., Doksheim, M. & Vatnøy, E. (2011). Den norske velferden. Civita.
Note: Edition is only filled out if it is 2nd edition or later
In EndNote
Add as Book.
Fill in the fields: Author (press enter in between all authors to place them on separate lines) Year, Title, Edition*, Publisher.
Note: *Only for 2nd edition and later
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Legges inn som Bok.
Fyll ut feltene: Tittel, Forfatter, Utgave*, Utgiver, Dato
Merknad: *Ikke når det er 1. utgave.
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsBook with editor
In-text citations
Format: (Editor’s last name, year, page)
Ex.: (Tønnessen, 2010, p. 52)
In the reference list
Format:Editor. (Ed.). (year). Title in italics. Publisher.
Ex.: Tønnessen, E. S. (Ed.). (2010). Sammensatte tekster: Barns tekstpraksis. Universitetsforlaget.
Note: More than one editor: (Eds.)
Note: When a book is published in more editions, give the edition number in the literature list, but NOT the 1st edition. List the book you have used as source.
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Add as Edited book.
Fill in the fields: Editor, Year, Title, Edition*, Place published, Publisher.
Note: *Not when 1st edition.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsBrochures and pamphlets
In-text citations
Format: Responsible institution/organisation, year, pages
Ex.: (Norwegian Environment Agency, 2013, p.14)
In the reference list
Format: responsible institution/organisation. (year). Title in italics [Brochure]. Publisher. URL
Ex.: Norwegian Environment Agency. (2013). The Norwegian right to roam the countryside [Brochure]. https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/globalassets/publikasjoner/m1730/m1730.pdf
Note: Omit publisher when author and publisher are the same
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Add as Report
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Type, Publisher, URL
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsChapter in edited book
In-text citations
Format: (Author, year, pages)
Eks: (Peduzzi, 2016, p. 74)
In the reference list
Format: Author. (year). Title. In Editor name (Ed.), The book title in italics (pages). Publisher.
Ex: Peduzzi, P. (2016). Aquatic viruses and global climate change. In J. Marxsen (Ed.), Climate change and microbial ecology: current research and future trends (p. 73-82). Caister Academic Press.
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Add as Book section.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Editor, Book title, Publisher, Pages. Edition.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsCirculars (Norwegian Government)
In-text citations
Format: (Ministry, year, page number)
Ex.: (Ministry of Children and Equality, 2015, p. 4)
In the reference list
Format: Ministry. (Year). Title of proposition in italics. (Circular number) [Circular]. Publisher. URL
Ex.: Ministry of Children and Equality. (2015). Guidelines for processing child welfare cases where children have ties to other countries.(Q-42/2015) [Circular]. The Government. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/q-422015-guidelines-for-processing-child-welfare-cases-where-children-have-ties-to-other-countries/id2467847/
Note:If you do not have an URL, replace this with publisher
In EndNote
Add as Government Document
fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Section (enter the word Circular here), Report number, Publisher. URL.
Note: If you do not have an URL, replace this with Publisher.
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Add as Report
Fill in the fields Title, Author, Report number, Institution ([Circular] and Institution), Date, URL
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsCompendium
In-text citations
Note: If the reference to the original text is given, use this. If not, give reference to the compendium
Ex: (Nedrelid and Kofoed, s.a.)
Note: When citing a complete compendium, use the examples given in Book with editor.
In the reference list
Format: Author. (year). Title. In Title of compendium in italics. University/College.
Ex: Nedrelid, T. E., & Kofoed, S. d. L. (s.a.). Utnytt søkemotorene. Kompendium: Informasjonskompetansedelen av NO 120. University of Agder.
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Add as Book section.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Book title, City and Publisher.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsConference paper
In-text citations
Format: Author, year
Eks: (Huang et al., 2019)
In the reference list
Format: Author’s last name, A. A.. (Year, date-date). Title in italics [Conference presentation]. Conference name, Conference location. URL
Ex: Huang, P., Yanchun, S., Zhu, R., & Wu, Y. (2019, August 24–30). Helping families build neighborhood libraries [Conference presentation]. IFLA World Library and Information Congress, Athens. http://library.ifla.org/2850/
Note: Conference presentations may be published in books and journals, in such cases follow the templates for Chapter in edited book or journal article .
Note: If you only find the presentation abstract, write [Conference presentation abstract]
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Add as Conference Paper.
Fill in the Fields: Author, Year, Title, Conference Name, Conference Location, date, Type, URL
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsCurriculum/Framework
In-text citations
Format: (Ministry/Organisation, year, page number)
Ex.: (The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training, 2017, p. 5)
In the reference list
Format: Ministry/Organisation. (The year the curriculum/framework applies from). Title in italics. URL
Ex.: The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training. (2017). Rammeplan for barnehagen: Forskrift om rammeplan for barnehagens innhold og oppgaver. http://www.udir.no
Note: Publication dato is the official year for the curriculum/framework.
Note: Preferably refer to curriculum/framework published on Internet. When printed book: see Book with editor.
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Add as Government Document
Fill in the fields: Author, Title, Year, URL.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsDoctoral dissertation and master’s thesis
In-text citations
Format: Author, year, page
Eks: (Listhaug, 2015, p. 32)
In the reference list
Printed:
Format: Author. (Year). Title in italics [Master’s thesis/Ph.D. thesis). University.
Ex. 1 : Listhaug, K. F. (2015). Spatial prepositions and second language acquisition: The acquisition of spatial prepositions in French by native speakers of Norwegian [PhD. thesis]. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
Ex. 2: Daland, L. H. (2010). Livskraften ebber ut: En undersøkelse av befolkningsendringen i utvalgte uthavnssamfunn mellom lindesnes og lista 1900-1970 [Master’s thesis]. University of Agder.
From Internet:
Format: Author. (Year). Title in italics [Master’s thesis/Ph.D. thesis, University]. Site name. URL
Eks.: Jerpseth, H. (2017). Older patients with late-stage COPD: Care and clinical decision-making: A qualitative study with perspectives of patients, nurses and physicians [Ph.D. thesis, University of Oslo]. DUO Viten arkiv. http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-58501
In EndNote
Add as Thesis.
Printed: Fyll ut feltene Author, Year, Title, University, Thesis type.
From Internet: Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Thesis type (include name of institution),Name of databse, URL.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsE-book
In-text citations
Format: (Author, year, pages)
Ex: (Mughal, 2016, 11)
Note: If there are no page numbers, you can include any of the following in the text to cite the quotation:
- a paragraph number, if provided; alternatively, you can count paragraphs down from the beginning of the document;
- an overarching heading plus a paragraph number within that section; or
- an abbreviated heading (or the first few words of the heading) in quotation marks, in cases in which the heading is too unwieldy to cite in full.
In the reference list
Format: Author. (year). Book title in italics. DOI/URL
Ex.: Mughal, Y. M. (2016). A parametric framework for modelling of bioelectrical signals. http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-287-969-1/page/1
In EndNote
Add as Electronic book.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Publisher & URL/DOI.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsEncyclopedia
In-text citations
Format: Author, year, page number
Ex.: (Graham, 2015)
In the reference list
Article with author:
Format: Author. (Year). Title of entry. In (Ed.), Name of encyclopedia in italics. URL
Ex.:Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy(Fall 2007 ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/
Note: If an encyclopedia does not have an editor, you do not have to include this in your reference.
Ex.: Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11. ed.). http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
Note: If you do not have an URL, replace this with publisher
Note: If the online version refers to a print edition, include the edition number after the title.
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Add as Encyclopedia
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Editor, Encyclopedia Title, Edition and URL
Note: If you have a print version, add Publisher.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsImage found online
In-text citations
Format: Image, table, figure etc discussed in text: (Artist surname, year)
Ex. 1: (Munch, 1885-86)
Image, table, figure etc inserted as illustration: Description of the illustration as caption under the image, should also be marked Figure 1 etc. Include information on copyright.
Ex. 2: Figure 1. «Studying», 2006, by Stephen S. (https://flic.kr/p/sdUQ7). CC BY 2.0.
In the reference list
Format: Artist. (year). Title [Description]. URL
Ex. 1: Munch, E. (1885-86). The sick child [Painting]. https://samling.nasjonalmuseet.no/no
Ex. 2: Stephen S. (2006). Studying [Photo]. https://flic.kr/p/sdUQ7
Images you have made yourself, or images you have obtained lisence for, should not be entered to the reference list.
In EndNote
Use the text editor’s built in functions to enter the caption. Add as “Online multimedia”.
Fill in the fields Created By, Year,Title, Type of Work, URL.
In Zotero
Use the text editor’s built in functions to enter the caption. Add as “Artwork”.
Fill in the fields Title, Artist, Medium, Date, URL
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsImage from printed source
In-text citations
Give reference to the item you found the image in. For exapmle, from a book. Give information in the text about what you have used.
Ex. 1: The painting “The wise virgin” by Jay DeFeo is an example of beat art (Forsgren, 2008, p. 124)
Image, table, figure etc inserted as illustration: Description of the illustration as caption under the image, should also be marked Figure 1 etc. Include information on copyright.
Ex. 2: Figure 1. Theoretical framework of social media context. From «Social Media: A Contextual Framework to Guide Research and Practice,» by L. A. McFarland and R. E. Ployhart, 2015,Journal of Applied Psychology, 100,s. 1656. Copyright 2015, American Psychological Association.
In the reference list
Format: Enter in the reference list according to reference type: book, article, book chapter etc.
Ex. 1: Forsgren, F. (2008). Beatkunst i Norge. Oslo: Press.
Ex. 2: McFarland, L. A. & Ployhart, R. E. (2015). Social media: A contextual framework to guide research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 1653-1677. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039244
In EndNote
Add as Book, «Book section, Journal article etc.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsJournal article with 1 author
In-text citations
Format: (Author, year, p. page)
Ex: (Fredwall, 2004, p. 135)
In the reference list
Format: Author, A. A. (year). Title. Journal title in italics, volume(issue), pages. https://doi.org/<doinumber>
Ex. 1: Mersland, R. (2011). The impact of international influence on microbanks’ performance: A global survey. International Business Review, 20(2), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.07.006
Ex. 2: Larsen, A. I. (2009). Krigen på Sri Lanka og stormaktsinteresser i det indiske hav. Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning, 50(4), 551-566. http://www.idunn.no/ts/tfs/2009/04/art07
Ex. 3: Fredwall, T. E. (2004). Mellom nærhet og distanse: Om Unn i Tarjei Vesaas’ roman Is-slottet. Edda, 91(3), 218-237.
Note: If information on DOI or URL is missing, exclude this form the reference.
Note: If information on volume or issue is missing, exclude this from the reference.
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Add as Journal article.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Journal, Volume, Issue, Pages, DOI or URL (DOI is preferred)
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Add as Journal Article.
Fill in the fields Title, Author, Publication, Volume, Issue, Pages, Date, DOI or URL (DOI is preferred)
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsJournal article with 2 authors
In-text citations
Both authors are mentioned every time.
Format: (Author, & Author, year, p. page)
Ex.: (Sointu & Woodhead, 2008, p. 262)
In the reference list
Format: Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (year). Title. Journal title in italics, volume(issue), pages. https://doi.org/<doinumber>
Ex. 1: Sointu, E., & Woodhead, L. (2008). Spirituality, gender, and expressive selfhood. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47(2), 259-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00406.x
Ex. 2: Hippe, J. M., & Steen, S. I. (2015). Før tariffoppgjøret 2016: Adgangen til å opprette (brede) felles tjenestepensjonsordninger. Arbeidsrett, 9(2), 193-211. http://www.idunn.no/ts/arbeid/2015/02/foer_tariffoppgjoeret_2016_adgangen_til_aa_opprette_brede_f
Note: If information on DOI or URL is missing, exclude this form the reference.
Note: If information on volume or issue is missing, exclude this from the reference.
In EndNote
Add as Journal article.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Journal, Volume, Issue, Pages, DOI or URL (DOI is preferred)
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Add as Journal Article.
Fill in the fields Title, Author, Publication, Volume, Issue, Pages, Date, DOI or URL (DOI is preferred)
Note: Click the plus sign in the author field to add more authors.
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsJournal article with 21 or more authors
In-text citations
Format: (First author et al., year, p. page)
Ex.: (Adam et al., 2017, p. 7)
In the reference list
The first nineteen authors, … the last author.
Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., … Author, Z. Z. (year). Title. Journal title in italics, volume(issue), pages. https://doi.org/<doinumber>
Ex. 1: Adam, J., Adamová, D., Aggarwal, M. M., Aglieri Rinella, G., Agnello, M., Agrawal, N., Ahammed, Z., Ahmad, S., Ahn, S. U., Aiola, S., Akindinov, A., Alam, S. N., Albuquerque, D. S. D., Aleksandrov, D., Alessandro, B., Alexandre, D., Alfaro Molina, R., Alici, A., Alkin, A., … Zmeskal, J. (2017). Determination of the event collision time with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The European Physical Journal Plus, 132(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2017-11279-1
Note: If information on DOI or URL is missing, exclude this form the reference.
Note: If information on volume or issue is missing, exclude this from the reference.
In EndNote
Add as Journal article.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Journal, Volume, Issue, Pages, DOI or URL (DOI is preferred)
Note: In Word, You’ll have to edit the author list manually. When you have finished inserting references, first choose Convert to plain text, then delete authors from the list and add … before the last author name.
In Zotero
Add as Journal Article.
Fill in the fields Title, Author, Publication, Volume, Issue, Pages, Date, DOI or URL (DOI is preferred)
Note: Click the plus sign in the author field to add more authors.
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsJournal article with 3–20 authors
In-text citations
Format: (First author et al., year, p. page)
Ex. first time: (Zhang et al., 2013, p. 3185)
In the reference list
All the authors are included.
Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H. & Author, I. I. (year). Title. Journal title in italics, volume(issue), pages. https://doi.org/<doinumber>
Ex. 1: Zhang, W., Wang, G., Liu, Y., Zhao, X., Zou, D., Zhu, C., Jin, Y., Huang, Q., Sun, J., Liu, X., Jiang, X. & Zreiqat, H. (2013). The synergistic effect of hierarchical micro/nano-topography and bioactive ions for enhanced osseointegration. Biomaterials, 34(13), 3184-3195. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.008
Ex. 2: Kim, J.-H., Cho, M. J., Hong, J. P., Bae, J. N., Cho, S.-J., Hahm, B.-J., Lee, D.-W., Park, J.-I., Lee, J.-Y., Jeon, H. J., & Chang, S. M. (2015). Gender differences in depressive symptom profile: Results from nationwide general population surveys in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 30(11), 1659-1666. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4630484/
Note: If information on DOI or URL is missing, exclude this form the reference.
Note: If information on volume or issue is missing, exclude this from the reference.
In EndNote
Add as Journal article.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Journal, Volume, Issue, Pages, DOI or URL (DOI is preferred)
In Zotero
Add as Journal Article.
Fill in the fields Title, Author, Publication, Volume, Issue, Pages, Date, DOI or URL (DOI is preferred)
Note: Click the plus sign in the author field to add more authors.
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsMulti-volume work
In-text citations
Format: (Editor, years)
Ex.: (Gauglitz & Moore, 2014)
Note: Some multi-volumed work has different editors for each volume. Refer to the ones you have used.
In the reference list
Format: Editor. (Ed.). (years). Title in italics(Volume). Publisher.
Ex.: Gauglitz, G. & Moore, D.S. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of spectroscopy(2nd ed., vol. 1-4). Weinheim, Wiley.
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Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Publisher, Place published.
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Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsMusic recording (CD/MP3)
In-text citations
Format: Writer, copyright date, track number
Ex.: (Bernard & Smith, 1934/2010, track 7)
Note: If the copyright date and recording date are different, use both dates in the citation.
In the reference list
CD (or similar)
Format: Writer, A. (Copyright year). Title of song [Recorded by B. B. Artist if different from writer]. On Title of album in italics [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Date of recording if different from song copyright date).
Ex.: Bernard, F. & Smith, R. B. (1934). Winter wonderland [Recorded by Kurt Nilsen]. On Have yourself a merry little Christmas [CD]. Oslo: Playroom Music. (2010).
Track on CD
Format: Writer, A. (the track’s year of copyright). Track title [Recored by … [artist] if other than writer]. At Title of CD in italics [Type of material]. Place: Publisher. (year of recording if other than year of copyright)
Ex.: Blackmore, R., Gillan, I., Glover, R., Lord, J. & Paice, I. (1972). Smoke on the water [Innspilt av BB Band]. På Fuhgeddaboudit! Music you heard on the Sopranos [CD]. USA: Golden Stars. (2004)
Note: If the recording was found on the internet add URL instead of Place Published/Publisher.
In EndNote
Add as Music
Fill in the fields Composer, Year, title, Editor (artist), album title, form of item, place published, publisher.
Note: Add recorded by and date of recording manually.
Note: If the recording was found online add URL manually instead of Place Published/Publisher.
Note: To add additional information manually convert your document into plain text.
In Zotero
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsNewspaper article
In-text citations
Format: (Author, year)
Ex.: (Barker, 2020)
In the reference list
Format: Author. (year, date). Title. Newspaper title in italics, pages.
Ex.: Barker, A. (2020, June 23). Digital ads set to eclipse old industry. Financial Times, 6.
Note: Newspaper consisting of separate parts: include A before the pagenumber for part 1, B for part 2 etc:
Ex: Stenvaagnes, R. (2015, February 1). Norsk studentbedrift skal samle data for FN. Aftenposten, p. C16.
In EndNote
Add as Newspaper article.
Fill in the fields Reporter, Year, Title, Newspaper, Pages, Issue date.
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Add as Newspaper Article.
Fill out the fields Title, Author, Publication, Date, Pages
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsNewspaper article from online newspaper
In-text citations
Format: Author, year
Ex.: (Barnes, 2020)
In the reference list
Format: Author. (year, date). Title. Newspaper title in italics. URL
Ex.: Barnes, B. (2020, July 8). Disney World Draws Excitement and Incredulity as Reopening Nears. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/08/business/coronavirus-disney-world-reopening.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage
In EndNote
Add as Newspaper article.
Fill in the fields Reporter, Year, Title, Newspaper, Issue date, URL.
In Zotero
Add as Newspaper Article.
Fill out the fields Title, Author, Publication, Date, URL
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsNorwegian laws and regulations
In-text citations
Format: Short title of the law, year, paragraph.
Ex.: (Equality and Anti-Discrimination Act, 2017, § 4)
In the reference list
Format: Law/regulation short title. (Year). The full name of the law/regulation with the date of adoption and number in italics. Retrived from URL
Ex.: Equality and Anti-Discrimination Act. (2017). Act No. 51 of 16 June 2017 relating to equality and a prohibition against discrimination.Retrieved from https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2017-06-16-51
Note: Remove the URL if you are referencing the printed edition of the Norwegian Laws.
Note: Always reference the original law unless you refer to a particular change in the law. If you are referencing a particular change, you have to use the date for the change instead of the date of the original law.
In EndNote
Add as Government document.
Fill in the fields Author (Law/regulation short title) Year, Title (the full name of the law/regulation), report number and URL.
Note: Add a comma at the end of the short title for titles consisting of more than one word.
In Zotero
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsNOU
In-text citations
Format: (NOU year:number, page number)
Ex.: (NOU 2010: 6, p. 73)
In the reference list
Printed:
Format: NOU year:number. (Year). Title in Italics. Department
Ex.: NOU 1998: 18. (1998). Det er bruk for alle: Styrking av folkehelsearbeidet i kommunene. Oslo: Sosial- og helsedepartementet.
From the Internet:
Format.: NOU year: number. (Publication year). Title in Italics. Department. URL
Ex: NOU 2018: 2. (2018). Fremtidige kompetansebehov I: Kunnskapsgrunnlaget. https://www.regjeringen.no
In EndNote
Add as Government document.
Fill in the fields Author (Enter the name of NOU with a comma at the end to prevent abbreviations), Year, Title, Department, and URL
In Zotero
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsOnline report
In-text citations
Format: (Author, year, page number)
Ex.: (Seeberg, 2011, p. 4)
In the reference list
Format: Author. (Year). Title in italics. (Report number). Retrieved from URL
Ex.: Seeberg, M. L. (2011). Kunnskapsstatus (1990-2010): Forskning om etnisk diskriminering av barn og unge (NOVA rapport 8/2011). Retrieved from http://www.nova.no/asset/4573/1/4573_1.pdf
In EndNote
Add as Government documents
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Report number, URL.
In Zotero
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsPersonal communication (Lecture notes, e-mails etc.)
In-text citations
Format: Specify the name of the person(s) involved, why the source is relevant, and give as precise a date as possible. Get the approval to cite the person(s) involved and make sure you quote correctly.
Ex.: My teacher’s advice was: “don’t be afraid of making mistakes, that’s how we learn”. (D, Smith, personal communication, december 2016).
In the reference list
These sources are not included in the reference list.
Private letters, e-mails, conversations, phone calls, and other type of communication which are irretrievable for others is referred to as personal communication and is not included in the reference list. This also includes notes and handouts that are not available for others.
In EndNote
May be added as Personal communication in order to save the information.
In Zotero
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsPodcast
In-text citations
Format: (Producer, year)
Ex.: (Chivvis, 2014)
Note: List the primary contributors in the author position.
In the reference list
Format: Producer etc. (Roles). (Year). Title in italics.[Material type]. URL
Ex.: Chivvis, D. (Producer). (2014). Serial. [Audio podcast]. https://serialpodcast.org/season-one
Note: List the primary contributors in the author position and use parentheses to identify their contribution.
Note: To cite an episode of a podcast or radio series, use the same format as chapter in a book, but list the scriptwriter and director in the author position, and the producer in the editor position.
Ex.: Koenig, S. (Writer). (2014). The Alibi. [Audio Podcast episode]. In S. Koenig, J. Snyder & Chivvis, D. (producers), Serial. Retrieved from https://serialpodcast.org/season-one/1/the-alibi
In EndNote
Add as Podcast
To register a Podcast-serie, fill in:
Author (+ role in Label), Year, Title of podcast (in Italic in Endnote), Type, URL
To register an episode in podcast, fill in:
Author (+ role in Label), Year, Title of podcast, Title of show , Producer, Type, URL
In Zotero
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsPropositions to the government (Norway)
In-text citations
Format: (Ministry year: page number)
Ex.: (Ministry of Defence 2017: 34)
In the reference list
Format:Ministry. (Year).Title of proposition in italics. (Proposition number). Retrieved from URL
Ex.:Ministry of Defence. (2017). Invisteringar i forsvaret og andre saker.(Prop. 123 S. 2016-2017) Retrieved from: https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-123-s-20162017/id2549911/
Note: If you do not have an URL, replace this with publisher
In EndNote
Add as Government document.
Fill in the field: Author, Year, Title, Report number (Prop. no, year), URL
In Zotero
Add as Report.
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Report number and URL
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsSheet music
In-text citations
Format: Composer, year
Eks.: (Beethoven, 2002)
In the reference list
Format: Composer. (Year). Title in italics [Material type]. Place published: publisher
Ex.: Beethoven, L. (Composer). (2002). Fur Elise[Sheet music]. New York: Random House. (Original work published 1810).
In EndNote
Add as Audiovisual material
Fill in the fields Author, Credits, Year, Series Title, Place Published, Publisher, Type and Date (original publication date).
Note: If the sheet music was found on the internet add URL instead of Place Published/Publisher. I
In Zotero
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsWebsite
In-text citations
Format: Author, year
Ex. 1: (Melteig, 2016)
Note: When a website has no personal author, include the name of the responsible organization/institution. If there is no responsible organization/institution, use the title of the page as the substitute for the author/organization.
Ex. 2: (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2016)
Note: If you are referring to a website in general, include only the website name in your text, and the URL in parenthesis.
In the reference list
Format: Author. (Year, date). Title. Site name. URL
Ex. 1: Melteig, E. (2016, September 23). Cod’s immune system is not special any more. Titan UiO. https://titan.uio.no/node/1916
Format: Organization/institution. (Year, date).Title. Site name. URL
Ex. 2: The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2016). Budget agreement avoids government collapse. The Economist. http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=134890997&Country=Norway&topic=Politics&subtopic=Forecast&subsubtopic=Political+stability&u=1&pid=1015043085&oid=1015043085&uid=1
Note: For webpages that are continually updated and with no last updated date, include Retrieved from <date> in front of URL.
In EndNote
Add as Web page
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Publisher, last update date, URL.
You may add access date in the field Access date.
In Zotero
Add as Web page
Fill in the fields Title, Author, Website Title, Date, URL
You may add access date in the field Accessed
Psst! Our Q&A answers most questionsWhite papers (Norwegian Government)
In-text citations
Format: Ministry, year, page number
Ex.: (Ministry of Finance, 2017, p. 10)
In the reference list
Format: Ministry. (Year). Title of white paper in italics. (Meld. St. nr. session, that is year). Retrieved from URL
Ex.: Ministry of Finance. (2017). Long-term perspectives on the Norwegian Economy 2017 – a summary of main points.(Meld. St. 29. 2016 – 2017) Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/meld.-st.-29-20162017/id2546674/sec1
Note: If you do not have an URL, replace this with place published: publisher
In EndNote
Add as Government document
Fill in the fields Author, Year, Title, Report number (Meld. St. nr.), URL